This article has shared 88 common stone knowledge from the aspects of basic knowledge, detection and analysis, design, processing, installation, protection, disease treatment, overall grinding, use and maintenance, etc., for reference of every stone person and friends interested in stone.
01 Question: What are the categories of natural stone materials?
Answer: According to relevant Chinese standards, natural stone materials are divided into five categories: granite, marble, limestone, sandstone and slate.
02 Question: Is the classification method of natural stone in China consistent with that in the world?
A: Yes.
03 Question: What kind of stone are marble and marbles?
A: Marble is usually called marble and granite is called granite in Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan.
Q: What's the difference between marble and granite?
Answer: Marble is a metamorphic rock formed by the original rocks in the crust under the action of high temperature and pressure in the crust. Its main component is calcium carbonate (CaCO?, accounting for more than 50%). Granite is a kind of tectonite formed by volcanic lava rising to the surface of the crust under the melting state of considerable pressure. The magma does not erupt out of the ground, but is slowly cooled and solidified under the ground. It belongs to magmatic rock (igneous rock), mainly composed of silicon dioxide (SiO?, accounting for more than 66%).
05 Question: What are the categories of artificial stone?
Answer: At present, there is no unified standard for artificial stone in China, but it is generally divided into four categories: resin artificial stone, composite artificial stone, cement artificial stone and sintered artificial stone.
06 Q: What kind of stone is a cultural stone?
Answer: Cultural stone is the general name of a kind of stone with natural and original decorative effects, which can be divided into two categories: natural and artificial. The natural category is mainly composed of slate and sandstone.
Q: Which physical and chemical properties of stone are of practical significance to us?
Answer: bulk density, hardness, compressive strength, bending strength, dry and wet deformation, water absorption, acid and alkaline resistance, weathering resistance, etc.
Q: What role does stone testing play in stone application?
Answer: Through the detection of stone related items, we can analyze and determine the physical and chemical properties of such stone, and determine whether it can be used as building decoration materials.
09 Question: Which stone testing items are of practical value to the decoration industry?
Answer: bulk density, hardness, compressive strength, bending strength, dry and wet deformation, water absorption, acid and alkaline resistance, weathering resistance, etc.
10 Question: What is stone analysis?
Answer: Stone analysis is a comprehensive evaluation of stone according to the relevant testing data of stone, the possibility of compensation for physical and chemical structural defects, mine conditions, processability and other factors, to evaluate the value and availability of stone in the application of architectural decoration.
Q: What is the relationship between stone analysis and decoration industry?
Answer: From the perspective of stone application, on the basis of testing the physical and chemical structure characteristics of the stone itself, the stone analysis will analyze whether the defects of the stone itself can be compensated in the later period and the compensation cost, and will investigate and evaluate the mineral conditions, material yield, processability, etc. that affect the supply factors of the batch stable stone products. The results of the above work are exactly what the decoration industry is concerned about, because the above results are closely related to the building decoration industry, which is one of the biggest beneficiaries of the above research results.
Question: What is the dry and wet deformation test of stone?
Answer: Testing equipment is used to test the deformation of stone under two different conditions: dry and wet. Classify the deformation of stone according to the size of deformation, providing an accurate basis for selecting different bonding processes and materials for ground stone.
13 Question: What indicators do stone protectants need to be tested?
Answer: water absorption, alkali resistance, anti-aging, permeability, freeze-thaw resistance, recoating, harmful substance content and VOC content.
Q: What is the significance of recoating stone protective agent?
Answer: First of all, the protective function of stone protective agent will be partially lost in carbonic stone such as marble over time. Secondly, the protection function of stone protection products will decline due to the impact of natural environment, such as aging. If the above protective function of stone surface declines, the stone shall be coated with protective agent or re protected in time.
Question: Is the alkali resistance test of back coated stone protective agent important?
A: It is very important. It is difficult to protect the back with poor alkaline resistance.
Q: What's the use of the water resistance test of stone protective agent?
Answer: It mainly tests the water pressure resistance effect of stone protection, which is one of the important testing items for closed stone protection products.
Question: What is the practical significance of the aging resistance test of stone protective agent?
Answer: It is one of the important testing items of stone protection products, one of the important standards to measure the quality of stone protection products, and an important factor affecting the price of stone protection products.
Question: What is the work of stone comprehensive analysis?
Answer: stone decoration analysis, stone physical and chemical characteristics analysis, stone mine status and material output status analysis, processability and material output rate analysis, natural defect repairability analysis, durability analysis, market stock analysis, special demand analysis for installation and maintenance, etc.
Q: How can comprehensive analysis of stone help stone design?
Answer: There are five main considerations for the design of stone materials: first, consider the color, pattern, texture and other appearances of stone materials, because it will affect the overall decorative effect; Second, consider the physical and chemical properties of stone, the compensatability of natural defects, and the convenience of later maintenance, because it will seriously affect the satisfaction of the use function; Third, consider from the aspects of mine conditions, raw material reserves and processability, because they can directly affect the quality, supply period and price of stone products; Fourth, considering the market stock, the relationship between design size and block size, and the capacity of processing enterprises, which will affect the processing quality, speed and price of stone materials; Fifthly, consider the stone installation process and materials, which will affect the installation quality and decoration effect of stone. Except for the first factor, which can be judged directly by the designer through visual inspection, the above five factors should be completed by professionals using professional knowledge, equipment and experience. The work in these aspects is exactly the key work of comprehensive analysis of stone utilization.
Q: What problems are likely to arise when the puzzle pieces of stones with large differences in hardness and softness are designed for use on the ground?
Answer: Due to the large difference between hardness and softness, it is easy to cause the problem of poor flatness of field grinding when shearing occurs; Due to the large difference between soft and hard, it will lead to different wear levels in the use process, which will make the overall effect in the later period difficult to meet the design requirements, and bring great difficulties to the later maintenance, leading to the rise of the use and maintenance costs. If it is a tight joint design, it is easy to produce edge collapse and arch camber.
Question: Is the design of stone floor joint reasonable?
Answer: It is unreasonable. Because stone expansion coefficient, processing error, construction error, etc. can not be digested.
22 Question: How to solve the problem of 45 ° splicing defect of the external corner of the wall?
Answer: L-shaped and C-shaped corner lines are preferred.
Question: What is a good way to deal with the gap between the wall and the floor of wet spaces such as toilets and bathrooms?
Answer: It is better to choose corner line.
Question: Is it reasonable to use cave stones without filling holes in the ground design?
Answer: It is unreasonable. It is easy to hide dirt and accept dirt. It is not easy to do daily cleaning, and it is also easy to cause stone damage.
Q: In large public buildings, how to solve the common problem of using rough stone in ground design?
Answer: The common problems of rough stone are mainly manifested in the following aspects: one is permeability pollution, the other is friction pollution. The solution to prevent the above two types of pollution is to first use a grinding brush to grind off the sharp part of the rough stone surface, and then use a stone protective agent to protect the stone surface.
Q: In large public buildings, how to solve the common problem of using matt stone in ground design?
Answer: The common problems of matt stone are: the surface glossiness of stone is not uniform, which makes it look beautiful; It is easy to form pollution and difficult to maintain; Lack of crystal products for curing matt stone. The solutions to the above problems are: select stones with uniform density to avoid uneven glossiness; Before installation, protect the surface of matt stone; Choose crystal curing products for matt stone.
27 Question: What is the impact on the indoor ground stone if no waterproof measures are designed on the basis of glass curtain wall?
Answer: When there is too much rain outside, it will penetrate into the room through the base course and damage the indoor ground stone, such as water spots, yellow spots, etc.
Q: What is the impact on the surrounding stones if there is no structural waterproof design around the water wall and pool?
Answer: First of all, the lower base of surrounding stone will be kept in a damp state for a long time. This damp phenomenon will lead to stone pathological changes and can not be treated.
29 Q: What is the impact of structural water leakage on stone?
Answer: Structural water leakage will cause the lower base of stone to be in a damp state for a long time. This damp phenomenon will lead to various pathological changes of stone, such as water spots, yellow spots, oxidation, etc. Moreover, the disease can not be eradicated.
Q: Is the stone protection a single problem in the selection of protective agents, or a systematic problem in many aspects, such as stone characteristics, use location, installation method, selection of protective products, and protective treatment?
Answer: Since the above five factors have an impact on the stone protection effect, stone protection is a systematic problem, not just a problem of selecting protective agents.
Q: What kind of stone is not suitable for public building floors with large traffic volume?
Answer: Stone with low hardness, low density, large amount of flaky mica and physical broken lines.
32 Question: What kind of stone is not suitable for places where water is often encountered, such as the bathroom floor, countertop and bathtub panel?
Answer: Sandstone, limestone and stones with high iron content that are easy to be oxidized should be avoided. Stones with low mud, calcium sulfate and other impurities, dense and uniform materials, and few natural defects such as stone lines, stone spots, and local damage should be selected.
Question: What type of stone is not suitable for outdoor walls?
Answer: Stone with poor acid resistance and weathering resistance, such as marble, limestone, sandstone, etc.
Q: What is the effect of floor heating on the surface stone?
Answer: Due to the structural characteristics of floor heating, it is required that the compressive strength of surface stone is high, the thermal expansion coefficient of stone is low, and the structure of stone is uniform, without a large number of physical broken lines and other structural defects.
Q: Can the national stone product standards meet the needs of China's decoration projects?
Answer: It can meet the general standard of decoration engineering, but cannot meet the special standard of decoration engineering.
Q: For major engineering projects, is it necessary to formulate product order acceptance standards separately?
Answer: If it is necessary to improve the acceptance standard of the project, it is necessary to formulate the product order acceptance standard separately.
Q: What should be the criteria for assessing the scale of stone processing enterprises?
Answer: Rationality of processing equipment scale and configuration; Auxiliary design capability; Deep processing and innovation capability; The mining and control capacity of block and slab; Past success stories; Quality control and other comprehensive management capabilities.
Q: How do different scale stone processing enterprises affect the stone processing quality and delivery time?
Answer: It has a great impact on the eligibility, stability and error correction ability of stone processing quality, and has a great difference in the timeliness and continuity of supply of stone that meets the standards.
39 Q: What are the aspects of excellent stone processing enterprises?
Answer: The control and exclusive ability of stone blocks, design and innovation ability, deep processing ability, reasonable allocation of equipment and talents, quality and capacity control ability, excellent cases undertaken, geographical advantages, etc.
Q: What aspects should stone processing enterprises pay attention to when dealing with stone protection?
Answer: selection of stone protection products, stone drying environment, stone deformation correction, stone protective agent painting, stone protection effect inspection, etc.
Q: How to avoid serious deformation of stone before installation?
Answer: During the stone drying process, avoid exposure to the sun or use the rapid heating method; Use correct packaging, transportation and stacking methods.
Q: There is no problem with the stone before and for a period of time, but why do a lot of cracks appear after a period of use?
Answer: Because there are physical broken lines or hidden cracks in the stone, the physical broken lines or hidden cracks will be cracked under the effect of the shrinkage force of the dry and hard mortar.
Q: Why does the stone appear a lot of convex concave damage after being used for a period of time?
Answer: There are a lot of argillaceous impurities such as calcium sulfate in this kind of stone. These impurities will react with water to produce oxidation, resulting in loose materials, volume expansion, and finally peeling, leading to a large number of concave convex damage on the stone surface.
Question: In which process is it most labor-saving to rectify stone deformation?
Answer: For large deformation, it is most labor-saving to correct it before applying protective agent. Small deformation, the most labor-saving correction during stone installation.
Q: Why is it easy for man-made quartz stone to produce large-area hollowing?
Answer: There are two main reasons. One is the large deformation and deformation force of the artificial quartz stone itself. Second, due to the low water absorption rate of artificial quartz stone, the adhesion between it and the dry hard mortar of traditional paving materials is seriously reduced.
Question: What should be paid attention to when paving large size stones?
Answer: Check the flatness of stone, adjust the form of dry and hard mortar, pay attention to the compaction method of stone, change the bonding method in case of special kinds of stone, and adjust the deformation of stone by local pressing during paving.
Question: The stone has deformation, can it be corrected in paving?
Answer: Generally, it can be corrected, but the deformation may not be fully digested, and it will consume more man hours.
48 Question: If the wall stone is sheared after installation, can it be ground?
Answer: Yes, but due to the limitation of equipment, the technical requirements for construction personnel are higher and more laborious.
49 Question: Can the stone crack be repaired after the ground stone is paved?
Answer: Yes, but if there is hollowing at the same time, it is meaningless to only repair cracks.
Q: How is the hollowing phenomenon of ground stone caused?
Answer: There are many factors that cause the hollowing of the ground stone, such as extremely low water absorption of the stone, improper protection of the back of the stone, falling off of the back mesh of the stone, poor pavement vibration, and load bearing during the pavement maintenance period.
Q: Can you repair the hollowing phenomenon after paving the ground stone?
A: Yes, but it takes time and effort, and the cost is high.
Question: Should the marble back net be removed and how?
Answer: It is recommended to remove it. If it is difficult to remove it, an angle grinder can be used for well grinding.
Q: Will the removal of the marble back net increase the damage of the stone?
A: It is possible, but except for special varieties, the general damage rate does not increase much.
Question: During marble pavement, can white cement be hung on the back of the stone to avoid the stone blackening?
Answer: It can reduce the phenomenon of returning to black, but the adhesive force will decrease, and this method is not a panacea.
Question: How to avoid cracking when paving stones on the floor heating in the north?
Answer: First of all, we should choose stones with few cracks and large tensile strength. Secondly, we should strictly control the tensile strength of the ground heating insulation materials and the covering layer, and choose the correct paving method and materials.
56 Q: What are the classifications of stone protection products?
Answer: There are mainly the following classifications: classification from the principal components of protective agents; Classification according to the type of protective agent diluent; Classification from product functions; Classify the product from its use location; Classification from protection principle, etc. It can also be classified from molecular weight and length of carbon chain after polymerization.
57 Q: What are the advantages and disadvantages of solvent based stone protection products?
Answer: It has good dispersibility, strong permeability, wide temperature range, strong weather resistance, and can be recoated. It can not be completely replaced by water agent in silane siloxane and organic fluorine. The disadvantage is that there is a certain smell, the adhesive force with cement mortar decreases greatly, it is flammable, and the cost is high.
Q: What are the advantages and disadvantages of water based stone protection products?
Answer: It is safe and environmentally friendly, and the bonding force with cement mortar decreases slightly. The disadvantage is that the dispersibility is poor, the penetration is not as good as that of solvent based protective agent, and it has no recoating property.
59 Question: What are the requirements of stone protective agent for the front of stone?
Answer: It does not change the color and texture of stone (except for special requirements). It has strong permeability, strong anti pollution ability, strong anti-aging ability, and recoating ability.
Question: What are the requirements for the stone protective agent used for the back of stone?
Answer: It has strong impermeability and alkali resistance, and its adhesion to cement mortar decreases little or not.
Q: How to identify the quality of stone protection products?
Answer: First, pass the relevant detection with the corresponding stone, and then carry out the pavement simulation experiment.
62 Q: What is a breathable stone protective agent?
Answer: It is a kind of stone protective agent based on the principle of reducing the pore diameter of pores in stone.
Q: What is a closed stone protector?
Answer: It is a kind of stone protective agent based on the principle of sealing the pores in the stone.
Question: How to prevent the hollowing phenomenon after the stone protective agent is applied on the back of the stone?
Answer: First, select the protective agent on the back of stone that has little or no decrease in the adhesion with cement mortar for painting. The second is to sprinkle sand to increase the bonding area after painting the stone protective agent with large drop to prevent hollowing.
Q: How to check the alkali resistance of stone protection at the construction site?
Answer: Do a simulation paving experiment.
66 Q: Why does the stone have water spots and yellowing after protection?
A: First, the protection failed to effectively protect. Second, the protective agent was omitted or the stone was temporarily resized without additional protective agent, and individual parts were not protected in place.
Question: What should be paid attention to for stone protection in the toilet and other places where there is often water?
Answer: Closed stone protection products should be selected to avoid damage caused by long-term pressurized water.
Question: Why does the white marble, though protected, turn yellow after a period of use?
Answer: First, some components in these white stones are very easy to react with water to form yellowing; Second, before we protect the stone, the stone has absorbed some water, which gradually reacts with oxidation during later use, resulting in yellowing.
69 Question: Can stone with color difference be adjusted by dyeing?
Answer: The color difference of the base color is adjusted through dyeing, and the effect is obvious. The pattern color difference is adjusted through dyeing, and the effect is not obvious. The color difference of some stone varieties is not obvious through dyeing adjustment.
Q: Will dyed stone fade?
Answer: Reactive dyes are generally not easy to fade; Generally, the color fading will be faster outdoors due to a large amount of ultraviolet radiation, and slower indoors.
Question: Can stone lines and stone gall in stone be removed?
Answer: It can only be removed by physical methods.
Q: Can the water spots after stone pavement be removed?
Answer: Generally, it can be removed or alleviated, but if there is water intrusion for a long time, it is difficult to remove the water stain.
Question: Can you remove the yellow spot after stone pavement?
Answer: Generally, it can be cleared, but there are some phenomena that cannot be cleared.
Q: Can the oil stain on the stone be removed?
Answer: It is basically possible to remove the hydraulic oil stain and perennial oil stain.
Q: Can the stains from the dry hanging adhesive be removed?
Answer: Generally, it can be removed, but when the dry adhesive cannot be completely cured, the adhesive mark cannot be removed.
Q: What factors affect the overall grinding quality of stone?
Answer: stone damage repair, overall grinding flatness, overall grinding quality and crystal hardening quality.
Q: What are the necessary conditions for an excellent stone maintenance company?
Answer: should have the technical ability and rich experience of stone repair and disease management; A certain number of large grinding equipment and various special equipment shall be equipped; Must have certain process innovation ability; There should be a certain number of technical construction personnel with professional skills; It should also have an excellent management team.
Question: What are the factors that affect the overall stone grinding price?
Answer: The degree and scale of specialization of the construction company; Construction quality requirements; Quality requirements of materials; The degree of difficulty of construction; Payment method and creditability of the payer.
Question: What are the factors that affect the overall stone grinding duration?
Answer: The specialized scale and equipment configuration of the construction company; Professional management level of the construction company; Characteristics and complexity of ground stone; Construction environmental conditions, etc.
Q: Why does the stone appear wavy after overall grinding?
Answer: There are many factors affecting the overall grinding flatness of stone, such as stone characteristics, seamless design, stone pavement quality, grinding quality, etc.
Question: Why does the glossiness of stone after overall grinding fail to reach the level before grinding?
Answer: Improper grinding process or grinding quality problems.
Question: Why does the water stain appear along the stone edge after the whole stone is ground?
Answer: The stone side facade is not properly protected or not protected, the stone gap is not compacted, and the stone gap is excessively grinded.
Q: What is the reason for a layer of pollutants on the stone surface after the stone is completely ground?
Answer: The drying time after grinding is not enough, and water analysis shows that a pollution layer is formed on the stone surface.
84 Question: What is the reason why the stone surface is generally yellowed after the overall grinding?
Answer: The stone protection is not in place, and the stone surface is oxidized.
Q: What adverse effects will the owner's improper use have on the ground stone?
Answer: There are a lot of scratches on the ground stone, the ground stone is damaged, the ground stone is polluted, and the ground stone loses light seriously and causes friction pollution.
Q: What adverse effects will the owner's improper cleaning have on the stone?
Answer: The formation of permeable pollution, the loss of light or corrosion on the stone surface, the formation of frictional pollution on the stone surface, and the expansion of the pollution area.
Question: What adverse effects will the owner's improper maintenance have on the ground stone?
Answer: It will corrode the stone and cause damage to the stone after a long time. Small damage will lead to large damage.
Question: What adverse effects will the owners have on the ground stone if they cannot maintain it regularly?
Answer: The glossiness drops seriously, scratches occur, friction pollution occurs, damage occurs, etc.
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